What is the most appropriate on:off ratio for muscle re-education using electrical stimulation?

The most appropriate on:off ratio for muscle re-education using electrical stimulation is characterized by a longer off phase compared to the on phase, allowing for muscle recovery and promoting effective neuromuscular re-education. An on:off ratio of 1:5 is optimal as it provides adequate time for the muscle to relax and recover between contractions, reducing the risk of fatigue and facilitating improved muscle coordination and strength.

Using a shorter on phase (in this case, 1 second) followed by a significantly longer off phase (5 seconds) allows the muscle to recuperate and ensures that the subsequent contractions are strong and effective. This ratio supports the goal of re-educating the muscle to respond properly during functional activities, making it the most suitable choice for this context.

Other ratios, such as 5:1 or 15:1, imply shorter off times or excessively long off times that may either lead to insufficient recovery for the muscle or less effective stimulation for muscle re-education. Therefore, the 1:5 ratio is the most conducive to the objectives of electrical muscle stimulation in a rehabilitation setting.